What’s New in MS Research – May 2025

Can popular weight-loss drugs positively affect MS disease course?

The use of weight-loss drugs such as Wegovy^® (semaglutide) was associated with a modest but statistically significant reduction in risk for several types of MS-related dysfunction in a study that analyzed data on more than 14,000 people.¹

Researchers drew on the TriNetX electronic health registry to examine five years’ worth of data on 7,046 adults with MS who were receiving glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists such as Wegovy. They then compared those individuals’ MS disease course with that of another 7,046 people with MS who were not taking GLP-1 agonists.

Compared to their counterparts on GLP-1 agonists, the people not taking those medications had a:

• 4.36% higher risk of brainstem dysfunction
• 4.54% higher risk of cerebellar dysfunction
• 4.98% higher risk of bowel/bladder dysfunction

The difference between groups in all three measures was statistically significant.

GLP-1 agonists were developed to treat diabetes but are now also prescribed as part of a weight-loss regimen. Researchers are investigating the role the medications may play in treating several other conditions. Early evidence suggests that they may reduce the risk of developing several cancers, although other data indicate that some GLP-1 agonists may increase risk for thyroid cancer.

This study on the impact of GLP-1 agonists on MS is intriguing and has the benefit of involving a large number of people followed over an extended period. At the same time, it is a retrospective study, meaning that it looked back on data generated earlier. While such studies are valuable, they are not as rigorous or informative as prospective trials, in which outcome measures are specified at the start of a study and people are then evaluated going forward.

Further studies no doubt will be conducted to evaluate the impact of GLP-1 agonists on multiple sclerosis. In the meantime, people with MS have an array of disease-modifying therapies they and their clinicians can draw upon to manage the condition.

 

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United Kingdom study yields encouraging findings on long-term impact of stem cell transplantation

Stem cell transplantation using a person’s own cells “led to near-complete suppression of relapses and durable suppression of clinical progression” in 271 people with MS, according to a team of British researchers.²

The researchers reached that conclusion after analyzing long-term data on the people who had undergone autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) at one of 14 centers in the United Kingdom between 2002 and 2023.

AHSCT generally is reserved for people with MS who experience significant disability or disease progression despite having been treated with high-efficacy disease-modifying therapy (DMT). The goal of AHSCT is to “reboot” the immune system to stop white blood cells from mistakenly attacking the nervous system.

In AHSCT, clinicians give a person medication that causes hematopoietic stem cells – early-stage cells that may mature into infection-fighting white blood cells, oxygen-carrying red blood cells, or clot-forming platelets – to be released from the bone marrow into the blood stream. Those cells are collected by means of a blood draw and frozen in a laboratory. The person then receives chemotherapy to suppress the immune system. The stem cells that had been collected previously are then thawed and intravenously infused back into the person’s body, where they help “rebuild” the immune system.

Participants in the UK study had a median age of 40 years, a median disease duration of 10 years, and a median Expanded Disability Status Scale score of 6, which reflects the need to use a cane or crutch to walk 100 meters (109 yards). At baseline, 62% had relapsing-remitting MS, 24% had secondary-progressive MS, and 14% had primary-progressive MS. Researchers followed the study participants for a median of 46 months. Key outcomes at two years and four years after transplantation were:

Outcome	% of study participants at 2 years	% of study participants  at 4 years
No relapse-associated worsening (RAW)	99%	99%
Relapse-free survival (RFS)	94%	89%
No progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA)	91%	69%
No evidence of disease activity (NEDA)	72%	55%

While the study’s overall findings were encouraging, the researchers did find important differences in outcomes between people with relapsing-remitting MS and those with progressive forms of the disease. People with progressive MS were 1.6 times more likely than their peers with relapsing disease to have progression independent of relapse and evidence of disease activity.

The study’s authors noted that several randomized controlled trials, including the STAR-MS study, are comparing AHSCT with high-efficacy DMTs to see which treatment approach is more effective in various types of patients.

 

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Tolebrutinib cuts risk of disability progression in non-relapsing secondary-progressive MS

The investigational medication tolebrutinib reduced the risk of six-month confirmed disability progression (CDP) by 31% relative to placebo in a Phase III study involving more than 1,100 people with non-relapsing secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis (nrSPMS).³

Tolebrutinib belongs to a class of medications known as Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors, or BTKis. Researchers explain that this medication has shown an ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and to modulate persistent immune system activation within the central nervous system. This includes the modulation of disease-associated microglia and B cells (immune system cells), potentially affecting the smoldering neuroinflammation thought to be a major driver of disability accumulation in multiple sclerosis.

Most people diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS will go on to develop secondary-progressive MS, although that process may take several years. In many of those cases, people will not have further relapses but will continue to experience disease progression, and so are said to have non-relapsing secondary-progressive MS.


In the Phase III study, 1,131 people who were between 18 and 60 years old and who had been diagnosed with nrSPMS were assigned at random to either receive a placebo, or 60 mg a day of tolebrutinib, which is an oral medication. For every one person assigned to receive placebo, two people were assigned to take tolebrutinib.

Study participants had an average age of 48.9 years and an average Expanded Disability Status Scale of 5.5, placing them roughly at the midpoint of the scale’s 1-10 spectrum of disability. On average, about 17 years had passed since they began experiencing symptoms of relapsing-remitting MS, and 7.5 years had passed since their last relapse.

The study’s primary endpoint was time to onset of six-month CDP. The reduction in risk of CDP that tolebrutinib achieved relative to placebo was statistically significant.

Study authors noted that there was a slight increase in some adverse events with tolebrutinib, including respiratory infections, compared to placebo. They added, “Rare events of high liver enzyme increases were observed with tolebrutinib and occurred within 90 days of treatment start.”

Based on the study’s findings, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted breakthrough therapy designation to tolebrutinib.⁴ The FDA designation is designed to expedite the development and review of medicines that target serious or life-threatening conditions.

Medications qualifying for this designation must show preliminary clinical evidence that they may offer advantages over therapies currently available. Specifically, these medications will need to show substantial improvement in clinically significant endpoints compared to those of available therapies.

The researchers presenting their findings at the AAN meeting noted that their study “is the first trial to demonstrate a slowing of disability accumulation in people with nrSPMS, a population with an urgent need for treatments that delay progression.”

 

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Exploring the roles of different biomarkers in forecasting MS disease course

Researchers have identified several substances in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid that may offer clues to the future course of a person’s MS. While those findings have been intriguing, it has been difficult for clinicians to sort out which of those substances, termed biomarkers, are the most reliable predictors of different types of disease progression.

To untangle those questions, researchers analyzed data on 529 people with MS who received care at six Spanish hospitals.⁵ The investigators assessed levels of several biomarkers collected from the participants within 12 months of disease onset and then followed those individuals for a median of seven years. They found that:

• Higher-than-average levels of serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL), which is a protein released when neurons are damaged, is associated with an increased risk of two types of worsening: (1) relapse-associated worsening (RAW) and (2) progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA).
• Higher levels of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (sGFAP) – another type of filament protein that helps support the central nervous system and released when damage is occurring – were associated with progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA)… but not associated with relapse-associated worsening (RAW).
• Lipid-specific IgM oligoclonal bands – bands of proteins that fight infection – were linked to a higher risk of relapse-associated worsening (RAW).

The findings for all three biomarkers were statistically significant.

Meanwhile, the researchers found that increasing age was associated with greater risk for progression independent of relapse, while a higher lesion load on T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was associated with relapse-associated worsening.

So how do these data points help clinicians care for people with MS?

In some respects, understanding and managing MS is like completing a puzzle. For many years, only the edge pieces were available, enabling providers to frame the broad dimensions of multiple sclerosis but not allowing them to fill in the middle. With the Food and Drug Administration’s 1984 approval of MRI for clinical use, neurologists obtained many more pieces of the puzzle and were able to put them in place.

Today, thanks to large patient databases, sophisticated statistical techniques, and enhanced imaging… along with advances in immunology, proteomics (the study of protein structure and function), and other disciplines… clinicians have gone from having too few pieces of the puzzle to having to determine how to put together an abundance of possible combinations and arrangements.

The process can be slow, frustrating, and marked by occasional missteps, but investigations such as this Spanish study give clinicians more and more insights into how to predict what awaits patients and how to individualize their treatment regimens to best address each person’s specific needs.

 

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What factors predict emergency department care among people with MS?

People with MS who were not taking a disease-modifying therapy (DMT) were 2.5 times more likely than their counterparts on a DMT to require emergency department care, according to a recent analysis.⁶

Researchers examined data on 300 people with MS who received care in the Emergency Department of Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston between June 2019 and December 2023. They compared those people with 600 similar people with MS who did not seek emergency department care during that period.

The researchers found that a high burden of other health conditions, known as as “comorbidities” to the medical community, was the risk factor most strongly associated with coming to the emergency department for treatment. People with MS whose health was significantly affected by those comorbidities were 4.2 times more likely to seek emergency department care than people with MS who had fewer comorbidities or whose other health conditions were well-controlled.

Non-use of DMTs was the second-strongest risk factor, followed by having public health insurance or no health insurance, which doubled the risk of needing emergency department care. Finally, people of color with MS were roughly 50% more likely than white people with MS to present to the emergency department. The increased risk associated with each of those factors was statistically significant.

The study’s authors noted that their findings underscored the need for comprehensive management of comorbidities in people with MS. They added that the fact that 64% of the people with multiple sclerosis who came to the emergency department were not taking DMTs “presents an opportunity to improve MS care.”

 

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Why people with MS don’t take a DMT – and what might prompt them to reconsider

A 2024 survey of 1,294 people with MS found that only 60% were taking a disease-modifying therapy (DMT) at the time they completed the survey.⁷ Seventy-one percent of those people taking a DMT were satisfied with their medication, and a majority felt that their DMT was:


• tolerable (86% of survey respondents taking a DMT)
• effective (69%)
• slowing disease progression (68%)
• preventing new lesions (56%)
• decreasing relapses (48%)
• preventing new symptoms (42%)

But what about the survey respondents not currently taking a DMT?

Twenty-four percent of participants had taken a disease-modifying therapy previously. Among people in that group, 43% said they might consider resuming a DMT if their MS progresses and 42% said they would consider taking a DMT again if their symptoms worsened.

Turning to those survey participants who had never taken a DMT, 39% reported having concerns about safety or potential side effects, 19% said they faced insurance or cost hurdles, and 14% cited inconvenience as a reason for not taking a disease-modifying therapy. Slightly over one-third of people in the DMT-naïve group (the group that has never taken a DMT), said they would consider starting the medication if their neurologist strongly recommended it, if their safety concerns were allayed, or if their MS started to worsen.

Other key findings from the online survey, which was sent to US-based members of the MyMSTeam social network:

• A neurologist’s recommendation is paramount in most current DMT users’ (79%) decision to start taking their medication.
• Eighty-four percent of survey respondents were taking symptom-management (non-DMT) medication to address symptoms, such as spasticity (43%), pain (40%), and fatigue (31%).
• Eighty-two percent of respondents said that MS impacts their quality of life.
• Just 18% rated their MS-related health as excellent or good.

The study’s author noted, “Understanding the quality-of-life impact of MS along with patient desired outcomes can help neurologists develop the most effective approach to treating patients. This includes listening to patient concerns about getting on DMTs, helping them weigh the concerns against benefits, and educating them on the importance of treatments to slow progression rather than first waiting for MS to worsen.”

 

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MSAA initiative goes ‘straight to the sources’ to identify ways to enhance care in underserved communities

When an individual is experiencing health problems, it’s the clinician’s job to make a diagnosis and write a prescription. But when a healthcare system is suffering from multiple chronic conditions that leave people medically underserved, the process of identifying the problems and prescribing solutions requires input from all involved, starting with those who face barriers to care because of the system’s ailments.

That appreciation of the need for a comprehensive, multi-partner approach to addressing a complicated, multi-faceted issue underlies the Multiple Sclerosis Association of America’s (MSAA) Ecosystem Framework research project.

As explained in a poster presented at this year’s American Academy of Neurology (AAN) Annual Meeting, the initiative “aims to amplify the voices of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and their care teams, identifying barriers to care and informing interventions to drive systemic change.”⁸ The project focuses on obstacles – such as limited access to specialists, cultural differences, and insurance challenges – that contribute to MS disproportionately affecting people living in medically underserved communities.

In working to develop health literacy interventions and other programs to enhance care and improve quality of life for people with MS, MSAA, through its Ecosystem Framework initiative, made a commitment to draw on the lived experience of those people, as well as the knowledge and insights of experienced MS healthcare providers and advocates.

To obtain that input, the team employed remote interviews and focus groups to conduct qualitative research during the summer of 2024. The effort encompassed talking with people with MS, care teams, and advocates in four regions: the “Inland Empire” of California, Central Texas, Atlanta, and Upstate New York. Specific topics were explored in each region.

The authors of the poster presented at the AAN Annual Meeting noted that their research “fostered dialogue and community collaboration, providing insights into the nuanced challenges faced by MS communities in these areas.”


They added that key themes to emerge from the process included the:

• frequent misinterpretation of MS symptoms
• influence of race and culture on diagnosis and treatment timelines
• prevalence of emotional challenges such as depression and hopelessness after diagnosis
• challenges posed by delayed diagnosis
• role of support groups and public awareness

Participants also cited misperceptions about MS, trust issues, and employment concerns as important considerations.

The researchers noted that, “informed by the experiences of people living with MS, advocates, and care teams, we identified several potential intervention opportunities aimed at improving the lives of those affected by MS.” They added that the insights generated from the qualitative analysis and parallel quantitative research “have shaped the development of community-based interventions, which will be piloted and evaluated for their impact.”

 

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Anti-CD20 therapy use before pregnancy tied to lower risk of postpartum MS activity

Women with MS who took anti-CD20 disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) prior to becoming pregnant had a lower risk of postpartum activity than new mothers who took other types of DMTs, a recent study found.⁹

Researchers examined data on 194 women with MS who had delivered their children at the University of Colorado between 2013 and 2023. Most of the women were white (76%) and non-Hispanic (87%). Their average age at conception was 31.8 years, and they had been diagnosed with MS an average of 6.2 years prior to becoming pregnant.

Forty-eight percent of the women were on an anti-CD20 therapy. These medications work by targeting and depleting B cells – immune-system cells that play a role in MS – by binding to a protein, called CD20, on the surface of those cells. Anti-CD20 therapies, which include Ocrevus^® (ocrelizumab), Kesimpta^® (ofatumumab), and Briumvi^® (ublituximab), are considered high-efficacy DMTs. Roughly one-quarter of study participants were taking glatiramer acetate, which is marketed under the brand name Copaxone^® and also available as a generic, and 14% were taking Tysabri^® (natalizumab).

After examining at least one year’s worth of post-delivery data for the study participants, the researchers found that only those new mothers taking an anti-CD20 therapy prior to delivery (prepartum) had a statistically significant decrease in their rate of relapses after delivery (postpartum), relative to their preconception relapse rate. Similarly, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings showed that only 7% of study participants taking an anti-CD20 therapy had new lesions after delivery, while 50% of the postpartum scans of women taking natalizumab showed new lesions.

The study’s authors wrote, “Our data demonstrate a lower postpartum relapse and new MRI lesion rate compared to prepartum rates on anti-CD20 therapies.” Noting that this finding represented “a stark contrast to existing published data,” they added that, “this may indicate a new treatment paradigm for people living with MS of childbearing age that desire pregnancy.”

 

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Pursuing neuronal repair and remyelination with long-term use of investigational drug CNM-Au8

Imaging studies and neurological tests conducted over three years provide evidence of neuronal repair and remyelination in people with MS treated with the investigational drug CNM-Au8, researchers report.¹⁰

The assessments were conducted during the long-term open-label extension of the Phase 2 VISIONARY-MS trial. The study evaluated CNM-Au8, which is an oral medication containing extremely small gold crystals. The medication is designed to improve cellular function in ways that favorably affect MS, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.^{10, 11} People with stable relapsing MS who participated in the open-label extension of VISIONARY-MS took 30 mg/day of the investigational medication.

Study participants had periodic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and visual evoked potential (VEP) scans for up to three years. The MRIs looked for changes in demyelination and remyelination over time. They also evaluated axons, the nerve cell projections that conduct electrical impulses. VEP scans measure electrical signals generated by the brain in response to visual stimuli. They evaluate how well the visual pathways linking the eyes to the brain are functioning.

Researchers reported that changes in VEP findings matched improvements in clinical tests used to assess vision and cognition. Similarly, favorable changes over time in the VEP results correlated with improvement in MRI measures of myelination and axon function. All of the changes and correlations were statistically significant.

The study’s authors concluded that their MRI and VEP findings “indicate long-term treatment with CNM-Au8 30 mg resulted in improved neuronal function and remyelination.” They added, “The VISIONARY-MS trial is the first Phase 2 study to demonstrate clinical and physiological improvements consistent with improved neuronal cellular function and remyelination.”

 

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Reducing out-of-pocket DMT costs for Medicare Part D beneficiaries

People with MS who participate in Medicare Part D can expect to pay considerably less out of pocket for their brand-name disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) this year than they have in the past, according to a team of researchers who analyzed the impact of federal legislation on those costs.¹²

The researchers reported that in 2023, estimated annual out-of-pocket (OOP) costs for brand-name DMTs ranged from $6,275 to $8,992. This year, they added, those costs will decrease significantly because the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) caps Medicare Part D participants’ maximum OOP costs for drugs at $2,000 per year. They added that while many Medicare participants will have to pay all or most of that cost in January, or at whatever point in the year they first refill their prescription, there is a way to spread those costs evenly across the year.

They explained that Medicare beneficiaries who enroll in the Medicare Prescription Payment Plan (MPPP) can meet their annual maximum with 12 monthly payments of as little as $167. They added that direct cash purchases of generic DMTs from direct-to-consumer pharmacies rather than obtaining medications through Medicare Part D was another potential cost-savings option to explore. They added, “Neurologists have a critical role in ensuring Medicare beneficiaries are aware” of the different ways in which they can reduce their out-of-pocket costs for DMTs.

 

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Assessing spinal cord lesion location, metrics to predict disability in SPMS

Neurologists long have known that spinal cord lesions contribute to disability in secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), but there is not extensive data on how factors such as the total number of lesions or their distribution along the spinal cord predict the type and degree of disability a person will experience. Further, many of the methods used to evaluate spinal cord lesions are time-consuming or require advanced imaging techniques, limiting their usefulness in clinical practice.

To address those challenges, researchers at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City conducted a study involving 137 people with SPMS.¹³ While receiving routine care from 2018 to 2023, study participants took several tests, including the timed 25-foot walk, 9-hole peg test, symbol digit modalities test, and the multiple sclerosis walking scale. Additionally, 108 of those people had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of their cervical spine, which consists of the seven vertebrae in the neck region. The researchers then looked at how MRI findings correlated with the results of the tests evaluating motor, cognitive, and walking function.

While it might be intuitive to think that more lesions would equal more disability, that is not what the investigators found. In fact, total lesion count did not correlate with any of the disability measures assessed. However, the percentage of cervical cord segments that had lesions did prove to be significant. (A spinal cord segment is two vertebrae attached to one another by ligaments, with a soft disc separating them.)

The higher the percentage of segments with lesions, the worse people were likely to perform on the timed 25-foot walk and multiple sclerosis walking scale, although their scores on the 9-hole peg test, which assesses manual dexterity, did not seem to be affected. Similarly, spinal cord lesion burden did not correlate with performance on the symbol digit modalities test, which measures cognitive performance.

In terms of where the lesions were located, only lesions found at C1-C2 – which are at the base of the skull and form the upper portion of the neck – were found to have an association with worse performance across motor functions.

Having reliable, readily accessible means of determining what people with MS can expect is critical for the counseling that clinicians provide and the care plans they formulate. This study enhances providers’ ability to perform those critical tasks.

 

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Zeposia^® use in early relapsing MS shows benefits at the one-year mark

Early use of Zeposia^® (ozanimod) in people with relapsing forms of MS was associated with improved performance on cognitive testing and favorable clinical and imaging findings one year after starting treatment.¹⁴

That finding emerged from an interim analysis of the ENLIGHTEN study, an ongoing, multicenter, single-arm, open-label study of 0.92 mg daily of the oral disease-modifying therapy (DMT). The study focuses on people with early relapsing MS, which researchers defined as having:

• been diagnosed with a relapsing form of MS in the five years prior to study entry
• taken either one other DMT or no DMT before starting Zeposia
• an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 3.5 or less
• 10 or fewer gadolinium-enhancing lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

The study’s 188 participants had a baseline average score of 53.4 on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), which assesses cognitive function. Baseline MRI findings were available for 187 people, who had an average of 22.3 lesions on Tesla 2 (T2) MRI and an average 0.8 lesions marked by gadolinium enhancement, which indicates active inflammation.

After one year of treatment with Zeposia, 48% of the study participants had either a 4-point or greater, or 10% or greater, improvement on the SDMT, reflecting an improvement from baseline in cognitive performance. The average number of new or enlarging T2 lesions per scan was 0.57, and 93.2% of study participants had no gadolinium-enhancing lesions. Further, 81.9% of participants did not have a relapse during the one-year period evaluated.

The most common adverse events that people experienced while taking Zeposia were COVID-19 (25.0%), headache (11.7%), urinary tract infection (10.6%), and fatigue (10.1%). Serious treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 6.9% of study participants, and six people (3.2% of the total) discontinued the DMT due to side effects. 

ENLIGHTEN is a three-year study, so its final results will not be known for some time. However, the findings from this one-year interim analysis indicate that initiating Zeposia early in the course of relapsing MS may offer wide-ranging benefits.

 

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References

1. Ali K, Ali A, Manoj A, Morrison-Banks EH. Exploring the effect of GLP-1 agonists on multiple sclerosis disease progression. P11.007. AAN 2025 Annual Meeting. April 5-9, 2025. San Diego, CA.
2. Brittain GH, de Matteis E, Nicholas R, et al. Real-world effectiveness and predictors of response to autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in MS: The UK experience in 271 patients treated during 2000-2023. S3.009. AAN 2025 Annual Meeting. April 5-9, 2025. San Diego, CA. 

3. Fox RJ, Bar-Or A, Traboulsee A. Tolebrutinib versus placebo in non-relapsing secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: efficacy and safety results from the Phase 3 HERCULES trial. PL5.003. AAN 2025 Annual Meeting. April 5-9, 2025. San Diego, CA. 

4. Sanofi-Aventis Groupe. Tolebrutinib designated breakthrough therapy by the FDA for non-relapsing secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. December 13, 2024. Available at https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/12/13/2996609/0/en/Press-Release-Tolebrutinib-designated-Breakthrough-Therapy-by-the-FDA-for-non-relapsing-secondary-progressive-multiple-sclerosis.html. Accessed January 15, 2025.
5. Monreal Laguillo E, Fernandez-Velasco JI, Sainz de la Maza S, et al. Predictive value of the combination of CSF and serum biomarkers at disease onset in multiple sclerosis. S33.007. AAN 2025 Annual Meeting. April 5-9, 2025. San Diego, CA. 

6. Satish S, Patel A, Mastick M, et al. Multiple sclerosis in the emergency department: a retrospective case-control study in a large U.S. center. P8.002. AAN 2025 Annual Meeting. April 5-9, 2025. San Diego, CA. 

7. Cronin D. Patient reported attitudes towards multiple sclerosis treatment. P7.011. AAN 2025 Annual Meeting. April 5-9, 2025. San Diego, CA. 

8. Rivera Y, Kline A, Banister D. Integrating lived experience and actionable opportunities for system change in MS care: a nonprofit’s commitment to health literacy and innovative interventions. P7.009. AAN 2025 Annual Meeting. April 5-9, 2025. San Diego, CA.
9. Shah A, Alvarez E. Postpartum clinical and radiographic activity in patients with multiple sclerosis stratified by prepartum DMT use. P10.012. AAN 2025 Annual Meeting. April 5-9, 2025. San Diego, CA.
10. Greenberg BM, Beadnall HN, Klistorner A, et al. Physiologic and anatomical evidence of neuronal repair and remyelination from the long-term open label extension of the Phase 2 VISIONARY-MS trial. LS2.003. AAN 2025 Annual Meeting. April 5-9, 2025. San Diego, CA.
11. Barnett M, Beadnall H, Klistorner A, et al. VISIONARY-MS top-line results: a Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled study to assess the safety and efficacy of CNM-Au8, a catalytically active gold nanocrystal suspension in relapsing multiple sclerosis (PL5.005). Neurology. 2023;100:(17_supplement_2)
    https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000203858.
12. Li P, Lin J, Klebanoff M, et al. Reducing out-of-pocket costs of disease-modifying therapies for Medicare Part D beneficiaries with multiple sclerosis: a call to action for neurologists. P3.004. AAN 2025 Annual Meeting. April 5-9, 2025. San Diego, CA. 

13. Gratch D, Baalbaki M, Beck E, Sumowski J. The percentage of cervical cord segments containing lesions is associated with disability in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. P3.001. AAN 2025 Annual Meeting. April 5-9, 2025. San Diego, CA.
14. Naismith RT, Gudesblatt M, Leist TP, et al. Efficacy and safety of ozanimod in patients with early relapsing multiple sclerosis: Year 1 interim analysis of the ENLIGHTEN study. P11.004. AAN 2025 Annual Meeting. April 5-9, 2025. San Diego, CA.

 

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For More Information

For general information or to speak with a trained Client Services Specialist, please call MSAA’s Helpline at (800) 532-7667, extension 154. Questions to MSAA’s Client Services department may also be emailed to MSquestions@mymsaa.org.

Written by Tom Garry, Medical Writer
Reviewed by Dr. Barry Hendin, MSAA Chief Medical Officer
Edited by Susan Wells Courtney, MSAA Senior Writer

Medical details and study results provided in MSAA’s published materials are for informational purposes only and are not to be considered as treatment advice or recommendations. Readers are encouraged to consult a healthcare professional before making any changes to their current treatment regimen.